{"id":6493,"date":"2018-11-30T12:20:27","date_gmt":"2018-11-30T12:20:27","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-06-07T13:08:50","modified_gmt":"2019-06-07T13:08:50","slug":"police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php","title":{"rendered":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence in the English criminal justice system.[1]<\/sup><\/a> This was largely due to the media response to a \u201cgroup of sensational cases<\/em>\u201d[2]<\/sup><\/a> which not only highlighted unacceptable police behaviour but additionally \u201crevealed the existence of serious miscarriages of justice in criminal, principally terrorist, trials that took place during the 1970s<\/em>\u201d.[3]<\/sup><\/a> The high profile cases in question[4]<\/sup><\/a> involved suspects of IRA terrorist attacks whose convictions were largely based upon dubious confessions made under police interrogation and unreliable forensic evidence.[5]<\/sup><\/a> All three cases were subsequently declared to be miscarriages of justice with all convictions being quashed.[6]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

It is noted; however, that PACE 1984 was enacted and in force prior to any such declaration.[7]<\/sup><\/a> Consequently, it must be stated that the media response to such cases,[8]<\/sup><\/a> particularly in highlighting the fact that other well-known IRA terrorist cells had taken credit for the attacks,[9]<\/sup><\/a> had the biggest influence upon the need for the introduction of such legislation. It was clear that the public strongly believed that the suspects in such cases had been tortured and framed by the police[10]<\/sup><\/a> leading to the conclusion that the guilty parties were still free and at large and as a result the public remained in fear of subsequent terrorist attacks.[11]<\/sup><\/a> At the time public opinion was simply that the English criminal justice system had failed them.[12]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

PACE 1984 was largely aimed at the police no doubt due to the fact that most \u201croots of a miscarriage of justice usually lie in the police investigation<\/em>\u201d[13]<\/sup><\/a> and at the time \u201cpolice powers were piecemeal and ill defined<\/em>\u201d.[14]<\/sup><\/a>\u00a0 The main aim of the legislation was to \u201cstandardise and professionalise police work<\/em>\u201d[15]<\/sup><\/a> correcting the public perception of a corrupt and incompetent police force. Indeed, it had been argued that public confidence in the police would inspire public confidence in the entire criminal justice system.[16]<\/sup><\/a> As a result, in the formulation of the legislation it was clearly identified that PACE 1984 should aim to educate the public; \u201cthe issues being formulated should be the concern not only of lawyers or police officers but of every citizen<\/em>\u201d.[17]<\/sup><\/a> PACE 1984 contained three main concepts in pursuit of such an aim: the notion of reasonable suspicion, the regulation of any use of force by the police and the regulation of police behaviour with regards to the collection of evidence.[18]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

The first concept has since seen further statutory intervention in the form of exceptions,[19]<\/sup><\/a> however, the general rule following the introduction of PACE 1984 was the requirement amended from a general suspicion[20]<\/sup><\/a> to a justifiable reasonable suspicion which was not to be based on personal factors or appearances.[21]<\/sup><\/a>The regulation of the use of force was clearly linked to the public perception that the police regularly used excessive force in the apprehension of suspects[22]<\/sup><\/a> and that this was too easily justified under previous legislation.[23]<\/sup><\/a> Consequently, PACE 1984 introduced the requirement that the police must use no more force than could be deemed reasonably necessary;[24]<\/sup><\/a> placing a burden upon the police to justify any such use of force.[25]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

In regards to regulating police behaviour, the most important element of the legislation was a comprehensive guideline, in the form of the Codes of Practice, detailing the minimum standards required to determine that evidence has been fairly obtained.[26]<\/sup><\/a>Two examples of the accompanying regulations that were arguably designed to change the public perception of police officers were: Code C; regulating the treatment of detained persons during police interviews, and Code E, introducing the requirement for such interviews to be recorded. As a result of such requirements the whole process appears to be more transparent and fair as there must be an accurate record of the interview;[27]<\/sup><\/a> which the suspect must be given the opportunity to review,[28]<\/sup><\/a> two copies of tape recorded interviews are required,[29]<\/sup><\/a> and one must be sealed immediately after the interview in the presence of the interviewee.[30]<\/sup><\/a> Additionally, the subjective rights of suspects are protected with requirements such as; the presence of an appropriate adult in relevant situations;[31]<\/sup><\/a> the need to identify specific \u201crisks to detainee\u2019s physical and mental state<\/em>\u201d[32]<\/sup><\/a> and the right of a suspect to have access to legal representation.<\/p>\n

Despite the fact that many of the problems that led to a poor public perception of the English criminal justice system were \u201cattributed <\/em>to the police<\/em>\u201d[33]<\/sup><\/a> the failure of the courts to prevent such occurrences was deemed to be regarded as being part of the problem.[34]<\/sup><\/a> Consequently, PACE 1984 introduced a responsibility on the part of the courts to ensure that the police followed procedure. This was achieved by granting the judiciary the power to declare any prosecution evidence inadmissible if \u201cthe admission of the evidence would have such an adverse effect on the fairness of the proceedings\u201d<\/em>[35]<\/sup><\/em><\/a> paying particular attention to \u201cthe circumstances in which the evidence was obtained\u201d.<\/em>[36]<\/sup><\/em><\/a> It is arguable that such a provision did not represent a change in the law as the common law had already established[37]<\/sup><\/a> and approved[38]<\/sup><\/a> a similar judicial discretion. Such a discretion was, however, restricted to confessions, admissions and evidence gained from the suspect following the offence.[39]<\/sup><\/a>The provision included in PACE 1984 was much more general and applied to any prosecution evidence. It is arguable that the existence of a general discretion to exclude unfair evidence essentially acts as an ultimate safeguard to prevent miscarriages of justice.[40]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n

Overall, the legislation has been largely successful, and is hailed as being \u201cone of the most significant developments in modern policing<\/em>\u201d.[41]<\/sup><\/a> Indeed, despite the fact that the English justice system has subsequently been branded as being \u2018institutionally racist\u2019,[42]<\/sup><\/a> public opinion of the system has largely improved. Indeed, the fact that the police embraced PACE 1984[43]<\/sup><\/a> leads to public confidence in the ability of the police to respond to such subsequent criticism.[44]<\/sup><\/a> Additionally, again despite criticism that the legislation provides the judiciary with too much power,[45]<\/sup><\/a> the judicial safeguard contained in PACE 1984 has been arguably so successful that it has inspired the subsequent expansion of the admissibility requirements of forms of evidence such as hearsay[46]<\/sup><\/a> and bad character.[47]<\/sup><\/a> Both originally deemed inadmissible but now may be admitted under certain gateways[48]<\/sup><\/a> due to the ultimate protection of s.78 PACE 1984.<\/p>\n

Bibliography<\/u><\/strong><\/p>\n

Books:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Mckee, G., Franey, R., Time Bomb: The Guildford Four<\/em>, (Bloomsbury, 1988)<\/p>\n

Mullin, C., Error of Judgement<\/em>, (3rd<\/sup> Edition, Poolbeg, 1990)<\/p>\n

Packer, H., The limits of the Criminal Sanction<\/em>, (Stanford University Press, 1968)<\/p>\n

Walker, C., Starmer, K., Miscarriages of Justice: A Review of Justice in Error, (Oxford University Press, 2004)<\/p>\n

Ward, R., Akhtar, A., Walker & Walker\u2019s English Legal System<\/em>, (11th<\/sup> Edition, Oxford University Press, 2011)<\/p>\n

Journals:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Birch, D., Hirst, M., \u2018Interpreting the new concept of hearsay\u2019 [2010] CLJ 72,<\/em><\/p>\n

Buxton, R., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and the Court of Appeal\u2019 [1993] LQR 66<\/em><\/p>\n

Coliandris, G., \u2018Zander on PACE: the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984\u2019 [2014] Pol J 139<\/em><\/p>\n

Dennis, I., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and the law of confessions: evidentiary issues and solutions\u2019 [1993] PL 291<\/em><\/p>\n

Ormerod, D., \u2018Evidence: judge admitting defendants\u2019 previous convictions \u2013 judge ruling at start of case\u2019 [2007] Crim LR 891<\/em><\/p>\n

Riches, J., \u2018Institutional racism \u2013 a new look\u2019 [2003] Prison Serv J 149<\/em><\/p>\n

Souhami, A., \u2018After the inquiry: reactions to institutional racism in the police service\u2019 [2007] Prison Serv J 169<\/em><\/p>\n

Zander, M., \u2018PACE (The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984): Past, Present and Future\u2019 [2011] 23 NLSI Rev 1<\/em><\/p>\n

Zuckerman, A.A.S., \u2018Miscarriage of Justice a root treatment\u2019 [1992] Crim LR 323<\/em><\/p>\n

Zuckerman, A.A.S., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and Judicial responsibility\u2019 [1991] Crim LR 492<\/em><\/p>\n

Reports:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Mcpherson of Cluny<\/em>, (Cm 4262 I, 1999)<\/p>\n

Report, Royal Commission on Criminal Justice<\/em> (1991 Cm 2263)<\/p>\n

Report, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure<\/em>, (1981, Cmnd 8092)<\/p>\n

Legislation:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

Criminal Justice Act 2003<\/p>\n

Criminal Law Act 1967<\/p>\n

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<\/p>\n

Public Order Act 1994<\/p>\n

Terrorism Act 2000<\/p>\n

Cases:<\/u><\/em><\/p>\n

O\u2019 Laughlin v Chief Constable of Essex<\/em> [1998] 1 WLR 374<\/p>\n

R v Barry <\/em>(1991) Cr App R 384<\/p>\n

R v Christie<\/em> [1914] AC 545<\/p>\n

R v Docherty<\/em> [1999] 1 Cr App R 274<\/p>\n

R v Doolan<\/em> [1988] Crim LR 747<\/p>\n

R v McIlkenny et al<\/em> [1991] 93 Cr App R 287<\/p>\n

R v Richardson et al <\/em>[1989] The Times, Oct 20th<\/sup><\/p>\n

R v Sang<\/em> [1980] AC 402<\/p>\n

R v Sharp<\/em> [1988] 1 WLR 7<\/p>\n

R v Ward<\/em> (1993) 98 Cr App R 337<\/p>\n

Shaaban Bin Hussein v Chong Fook Kam<\/em> [1970] AC 942<\/p>\n

\n
\n

[1]<\/sup><\/a> Walker, C., Starmer, K., Miscarriages of Justice: A Review of Justice in Error, (Oxford University Press, 2004) at p.39, Zander, M., \u2018PACE (The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984): Past, Present and Future\u2019 [2011] 23 NLSI Rev 1<\/em> at p.4<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/sup><\/a> Buxton, R., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and the Court of Appeal\u2019 [1993] LQR 66<\/em> at p.66<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/sup><\/a> ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/sup><\/a> Birmingham six, Guildford Four and Judith Ward<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/sup><\/a> Dennis, I., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and the law of confessions: evidentiary issues and solutions\u2019 [1993] PL 291<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/sup><\/a>R v McIlkenny et al<\/em> [1991] 93 Cr App R 287, R v Richardson et al <\/em>[1989] The Times, Oct 20th<\/sup>, R v Ward<\/em> (1993) 98 Cr App R 337<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/sup><\/a> Ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/sup><\/a> Such as the World in Action series<\/em> last broadcast by Grenada TV in 1985<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/sup><\/a> Mckee, G., Franey, R., Time Bomb: The Guildford Four<\/em>, (Bloomsbury, 1988) at p.411, Mullin, C., Error of Judgement<\/em>, (3rd<\/sup> Edition, Poolbeg, 1990) at Chapter 39<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/sup><\/a> Dennis, Supra<\/em> n.5 at p.296<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/sup><\/a> Report of The Royal Commission on Criminal Justice<\/em> (1991 Cm 2263) at p.6-7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12]<\/sup><\/a> Zuckerman, A.A.S., \u2018Miscarriage of Justice a root treatment\u2019 [1992] Crim LR 323<\/em> at p.323<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/sup><\/a> ibid at p.323<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14]<\/sup><\/a>Ward, R., Akhtar, A., Walker & Walker\u2019s English Legal System<\/em>, (11th<\/sup> Edition, Oxford University Press, 2011) at p.438<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15]<\/sup><\/a> Zander, M., \u2018PACE (The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984): Past, Present and Future\u2019 [2011] 23 NLSI Rev 1<\/em>at p.6<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/sup><\/a>Packer, H., The limits of the Criminal Sanction<\/em>, (Stanford University Press, 1968) at p.160<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/sup><\/a> Report, Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure<\/em>, (1981, Cmnd 8092) at Para 1.12<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/sup><\/a>Ward, Supra<\/em> n.14 at p.439<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/sup><\/a> s.60 Public Order Act 1994, s.44 Terrorism Act 2000<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/sup><\/a>Shaaban Bin Hussein v Chong Fook Kam<\/em> [1970] AC 942<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/sup><\/a> Para 2.2 \u2013 Code of Practice A, Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/sup><\/a> McKee, Supra<\/em> n.9 at p.350<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/sup><\/a> s.3 Criminal Law Act 1967<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/sup><\/a> s.117 Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/sup><\/a>O\u2019 Laughlin v Chief Constable of Essex<\/em> [1998] 1 WLR 374<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/sup><\/a>R v Ward<\/em> (1993) 98 Cr App R 337<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/sup><\/a> s11.7 (a) Code C of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984, R v Barry <\/em>(1991) Cr App R 384<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/sup><\/a> s.11.11 ibid, R v Doolan<\/em> [1988] Crim LR 747<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/sup><\/a> Code E of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 at Para 2.2<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/sup><\/a> ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/sup><\/a> s.11.15 Code C of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/sup><\/a> s.12.3 ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/sup><\/a> Zuckerman, A.A.S., \u2018Miscarriages of Justice and Judicial responsibility\u2019 [1991] Crim LR 492 <\/em>at p493<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/sup><\/a> ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/sup><\/a>s.78 (1) of the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/sup><\/a> ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/sup><\/a>R v Christie<\/em> [1914] AC 545<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/sup><\/a>R v Sang<\/em> [1980] AC 402<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/sup><\/a> ibid<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/sup><\/a>Report on Criminal Procedure, Supra<\/em> n.17<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/sup><\/a> Coliandris, G., \u2018Zander on PACE: the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984\u2019 [2014] Pol J 139<\/em> at p.139<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/sup><\/a> Home Office, The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry: Report of an Inquiry by Sir William Mcpherson of Cluny<\/em>, (Cm 4262 I, 1999), Riches, J., \u2018Institutional racism \u2013 a new look\u2019 [2003] Prison Serv J 149<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/sup><\/a>Zander, Supra<\/em> n.15 at p.3<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[44]<\/sup><\/a> Souhami, A., \u2018After the inquiry: reactions to institutional racism in the police service\u2019 [2007] Prison Serv J 169 <\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[45]<\/sup><\/a> Birch, D., Hirst, M., \u2018Interpreting the new concept of hearsay\u2019 [2010] CLJ 72, <\/em>Ormerod, D., \u2018Evidence: judge admitting defendants\u2019 previous convictions \u2013 judge ruling at start of case\u2019 [2007] Crim LR 891<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[46]<\/sup><\/a>R v Sharp<\/em> [1988] 1 WLR 7<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[47]<\/sup><\/a>R v Docherty<\/em> [1999] 1 Cr App R 274<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[48]<\/sup><\/a> Criminal Justice Act 2003<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[85],"class_list":["post-6493","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-acts","tag-uk-law"],"yoast_head":"\nPolice and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | LawTeacher.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LawTeacher.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-large-logo.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"LawTeacher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"LawTeacher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"9 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"ScholarlyArticle\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"LawTeacher\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e\"},\"headline\":\"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984\",\"datePublished\":\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\"},\"wordCount\":1821,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"UK Law\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Act Summaries\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\",\"name\":\"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | LawTeacher.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\",\"description\":\"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\",\"name\":\"Law Teacher\",\"description\":\"The Law Essay Professionals\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"LawTeacher.net\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Law Teacher\",\"alternateName\":\"LawTeacher.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg\",\"width\":250,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"Law Teacher\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=447723491966&text&type=phone_number&app_absent=0\"],\"description\":\"Law Teacher provides academic writing services for law students throughout the world.\",\"email\":\"contact@lawteacher.net\",\"telephone\":\"+44 115 966 7966\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"51\",\"maxValue\":\"200\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e\",\"name\":\"LawTeacher\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"LawTeacher\"},\"description\":\"LawTeacher.net is the UK's leading provider of academic legal support, offering both writing services and an extensive collection of law study resources for students in the UK and overseas. Founded in 2003 by Grey's Inn graduate Barclay Littlewood, the Company was built on a commitment to excellence, with unique guarantees and a high standard of service from day one. The team includes over 500 UK legally qualified writing experts, with many practising solicitors and barristers, and several former lecturers.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\",\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/gravatar.com\/lawteacherprofile\"],\"knowsAbout\":[\"Contract Law\",\"Criminal Law\",\"Constitutional and Administrative Law\",\"EU Law\",\"Tort Law\",\"Property Law\",\"Equity and Trusts\",\"Jurisprudence\",\"Company Law\",\"Commercial Law\",\"Family Law\",\"Human Rights Law\",\"Employment Law\",\"Evidence\",\"Public International Law\",\"Legal Research and Methods\",\"Dispute Resolution\",\"Business Law and Practice\",\"Civil Litigation\",\"Criminal Litigation\",\"Professional Conduct\",\"Taxation\",\"Wills and Administration of Estates\",\"Solicitors\u2019 Accounts\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/author\/lawteacher\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | LawTeacher.net","description":"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984","og_description":"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...","og_url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php","og_site_name":"LawTeacher.net","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet","article_published_time":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-large-logo.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"LawTeacher","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@LawTeacherNet","twitter_site":"@LawTeacherNet","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"LawTeacher","Estimated reading time":"9 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php"},"author":{"name":"LawTeacher","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e"},"headline":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984","datePublished":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php"},"wordCount":1821,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization"},"keywords":["UK Law"],"articleSection":["Act Summaries"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php","url":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php","name":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 | LawTeacher.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","description":"The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) was introduced as a response to a growing perception that the public had lost all confidence...","breadcrumb":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/acts\/police-and-criminal-evidence-act-1984.php#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/","name":"Law Teacher","description":"The Law Essay Professionals","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"LawTeacher.net","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization","name":"Law Teacher","alternateName":"LawTeacher.net","url":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg","width":250,"height":250,"caption":"Law Teacher"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/","https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=447723491966&text&type=phone_number&app_absent=0"],"description":"Law Teacher provides academic writing services for law students throughout the world.","email":"contact@lawteacher.net","telephone":"+44 115 966 7966","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"51","maxValue":"200"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e","name":"LawTeacher","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"LawTeacher"},"description":"LawTeacher.net is the UK's leading provider of academic legal support, offering both writing services and an extensive collection of law study resources for students in the UK and overseas. Founded in 2003 by Grey's Inn graduate Barclay Littlewood, the Company was built on a commitment to excellence, with unique guarantees and a high standard of service from day one. The team includes over 500 UK legally qualified writing experts, with many practising solicitors and barristers, and several former lecturers.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/lawteacherprofile"],"knowsAbout":["Contract Law","Criminal Law","Constitutional and Administrative Law","EU Law","Tort Law","Property Law","Equity and Trusts","Jurisprudence","Company Law","Commercial Law","Family Law","Human Rights Law","Employment Law","Evidence","Public International Law","Legal Research and Methods","Dispute Resolution","Business Law and Practice","Civil Litigation","Criminal Litigation","Professional Conduct","Taxation","Wills and Administration of Estates","Solicitors\u2019 Accounts"],"url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/author\/lawteacher"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6493","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6493"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6493\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6493"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6493"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6493"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}