<\/p>\n
One of the first steps in the formation of a company is to prepare a document called the memorandum of association (hereinafter referred to as MoA). The MoA of the company contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone the company has been incorporated.\u00a0[1<\/a>]<\/span>\u00a0Every registered company should have a MoA which is the company\u2019s charter. In general the MoA regulates the company\u2019s external affairs while the articles of association regulate its internal structure.\u00a0[2<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n The precondition for the registration of the company involves one or more person signing and delivering to the Companies House or the Registrar of Companies (RoC) a memorandum of association stating the intention of the subscriber or subscribers to form a company with a particular name stating where its registered office is located and stating the objects the company is formed to pursue. The memorandum must state that the company is to be a limited company if that is so and must state that it is to be a public company if that is so.\u00a0[3<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n The memorandum of association is also called the charter of the company as it is the company\u2019s principle document. Like explained before, no company can register without a memorandum of association as it defines the right and objects of the company.<\/p>\n According to section 2(28) of the Companies Act, \u201cMemorandum means Memorandum of Association as originally framed or as altered from time to time in pursuance of any companies law or of this Act.\u201d Evidently the definition is not comprehensive and does not convey the full importance of the document. However it is notable that the act provides for the admission of an altered version of the original memorandum the Memorandum of Association of the company.<\/p>\n In this project the researcher will explicate the importance of Memorandum of Association and elucidate the process and procedure involved in the alteration of Memorandum of Association of a company.<\/p>\n According to Palmer, the Memorandum of Association is a document of great importance in relation to the proposed company. It contains the objects for which the company is formed and therefore identifies the possible scope of its operations beyond which its actions cannot go. It defines as well as confines the powers of the company. If anything is done beyond these powers that will be ultra vires the company and be void\u00a0[4<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n In the celebrated case of Ashbury Railway Carriage and Iron Co. Ltd. v. Richie\u00a0[5<\/a>]<\/span>\u00a0Lord Carins Observed that the Memorandum of Association of a company defines the limitation on the powers of the company\u2026 it contains in it both that which is affirmative and that which negative. It states affirmatively the ambit and extent of vitality and power which by law are given to the corporation and it states, if it is necessary to state, negatively that nothing shall be done beyond that ambit.<\/p>\n Name Clause: Since a company is an artificial person it can be identified only by its name, which is thus of considerable importance. The promoters are free to choose any name for the company but the same is subject to certain limitations.<\/p>\n If a company is limited by shares is to be a private company, the last word of its name must be \u201climited\u201d or \u201cprivate limited\u201d<\/p>\n If the name chosen according to the opinion of the Central Government is undesirable or it is identical or resembles too nearly, to the name by which a company in existence has been previously registered, it may deem to be undesirable\u00a0[6<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n Registered Office Clause: The Memorandum of Association registered with the RoC must state the geographical location of the company. Every registered company must have a registered office which establishes its domicile and is also the address at which the company\u2019s statutory books must normally be kept and to which notices and other communications can be sent. The notice of the exact situation of the company has to be submitted to the RoC within 30 days of incorporation.\u00a0[7<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n Objects Clause: The Memorandum of Association of a company should state the objects of the company. The RoC can deny registration to a company which whose objects are unlawful. It is the intention of the legislature that the Memorandum of Association of a company must state the objects for which it is incorporated, and the company is accordingly incorporated only for the purpose of pursuing those objects. Pursuing any other object is said to be ultra vires the company.<\/p>\n Accordingly there can be two objects as far as a company is concerned namely:-\u00a0[8<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n Main objects of the company which is to be pursued by the company on its incorporation and objects incidental or ancillary to the attainment of the main objects<\/p>\n Capital Clause: A company can be limited by shares only if it has a share capital and a company limited by shares must state in its memorandum the total amount of share capital it is to have and the way it is divided into shares.<\/p>\n The clause lays down the limit beyond which the company cannot issue shares without altering the memorandum as provided by section 94 of the Companies Act.<\/p>\n The association or subscription Clause: At the end of ever Memorandum of Association there is an association clause or subscription clause.<\/p>\n As a matter of course Memorandum of Association is not alterable. In fact the words of the Memorandum cannot be changed that easily. It is said that \u201cMemorandum of Association is an unalterable document alterable only in accordance with the provisions of the law\u201d<\/p>\n Under the Common Law the Joint Stock Companies Act 1856, which introduced the Memorandum of Association into company law, made no provisions for the alteration of a memorandum. Companies Act 1862 permitted a company to change its name and its authorized share capital, but forbade any other alteration. Subsequent acts have extended the range of alteration that may be made. The CA Act 1985 S.2 (7) provides: A company may not alter conditions contained in the memorandum except in the case in the mode and to that extend, for which express provision is made by this Act.\u00a0[9<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n The court has in Scott v. Scott Ltd. held that even if inadvertently the memorandum of a company does not correctly express the wishes of its subscribers, the court doesn\u2019t to have power to rectify the mistake after the company has been registered.<\/p>\n Several restrictions have been imposed as far as the alteration of Memorandum of Association is concerned. The quantum of such restrictions can be seen under S.16 of the Companies Act.<\/p>\n Alteration of the name of a company can be effected by two methods.<\/p>\n By special Resolutions and Permission of the government: The Law regarding the change of name of a company is laid down under section 21 of CA. The section provides that the name of a company may be changed at any time by passing a special resolution at a general meeting of the company and with the written approval of the central government. However no such approval is required if the change of name involves addition or deletion of the word \u201cprivate\u201d<\/p>\n By rectification of omission in name: If by oversight or mistake a company is registered with a name which is the same or similar to the name of an existing company, the company may change its name by passing an ordinary resolution and getting a written permission from the Central government. In such a case the central government within a period of one year of the first registration or registration under a changed name can direct the company to change its name. In such a situation, the company must alter its name by passing an ordinary resolution within three months from the date of such direction.\u00a0[10<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n After the alteration of name of the company, the registrar should write the new name in the place of old name. Accordingly the certificate of newly incorporated company should be issued. If and when the certificate of newly incorporated company is received, then only the company\u2019s name is recognized.\u00a0[11<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n With the change of the name of the company the power and responsibilities are not changed. Because of this change of the name legal affairs of the company are not affected. Besides it does not affect the company\u2019s existence. But after the new name is registered the legal affairs cannot be continued with the old name.<\/p>\n The legal effect of change in name clause can be illustrated by the decision of the Calcutta High Court in the case of Malhati Tea Syndicate v. Revenue Officer\u00a0[12<\/a>]<\/span>\u00a0wherein a company changed its name from Malhati Tea Syndicate Ltd. to Malhati Tea and Industries Ltd. It filed a writ petition in its former name. Declaring the petition to be invalid the court said that nothing in the Act authorized the company to commence legal proceedings in its former name at a time when it had acquired its new name which has been put on the register of joint stock companies.<\/p>\n A company may change the situation of its registered office for the smooth running of its business and the realization of its objects. Such change in the situation can be: (a) from one place to another in the same city or town (b) from one town to another in the same state and (c) from one state to another.<\/p>\n Shifting from one place to another in the same city or town: If the registered office of the company is to be shifted from one place to another in the same city or town, the board of directors must pass a resolution to that effect and give the name address of its registered office to the RoC within 30 days after the date of the change of address.\u00a0[13<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n Shifting from one town to another in the same state: IF the company wants to shift its registered office from one town to another in the state, it shall pass a special resolution to that effect at its general meeting and send the notification to the registrar within 30 days. It shall give the new address of its registered office to the registrar.\u00a0[14<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n Shifting from one state to another: This kind of shifting is a much more complicated affair, as it involves alteration of the memorandum itself. The alteration of the memorandum for this purpose is subject to the provisions of Section 17 which requires, in the first place, a special resolution of the company and in the second, confirmation by the Company Law Board can confirm the alteration only if the shifting of the registered office from one state to another is necessary for any of the purpose detailed in section 17. When this condition is fulfilled, the second stage is reached namely to consider the objections of a person or class of person whose interest will in the opinion of CLB be affected the alteration.\u00a0[15<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n The Supreme Court in Mackinnon v. Mackenzie & Co\u00a0[16<\/a>]<\/span>\u00a0refused to sustain the contention of the state and allowed the transfer of the company to another state. The court said there is no statutory right of the state as a state to intervene in an application made under section 17 for alteration of the place of the registered office of a company. To hold that the possibility of the loss of revenue is not only relevant but of persuasive force in regard to change is to rob the company of the statutory power conferred on it by section 17. The question of loss of revenue to one state would have to be considered in the total conspectus of revenue for the Republic Of India and no parochial considerations should be allowed to turn the scale in regard to change of registered office.<\/p>\n Plainly speaking, it is very difficult to alter the objects clause because the law has laid down strict limitations on such alteration. Section 17 of the CA defines the limitations and any alteration must necessarily be within these limitations.<\/p>\n The limits imposed upon the power of alteration are of two kinds, namely substantive and procedural. The former defines the physical limits of alteration and the latter the procedure by which it can be effected.\u00a0[17<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n The alteration of object clause involves:<\/p>\n Special Resolution: In the first place , the company has to call a general meeting of its members and pass a special resolution and file a certified copy of the resolution with the central government.<\/p>\n Ratification by the central government: After this, the application for proposed alteration is filed with the central government. The application shall be scrutinized by the government before confirming the alteration.<\/p>\n Registration of alteration: A certified copy of the order of the central government shall be filed by the company with the RoC along with the printed copy of the altered memorandum within three months from the date of the order. The registrar shall register the same and certify the registration under his hand within one month of the date of filing such documents.\u00a0[18<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\n It is the function of the Memorandum of Association to delimit and identify the objects in such plain and unambiguous manner as that the reader can identify the field of industry within which the corporate activities are to be confined. And it is the function of the courts to see that the company does not movie in a director away from the field. That is where the doctrine of ultra vires comes into play in relation to joint stock companies.\u00a0[19<\/a>]<\/span><\/p>\nCHAPTER 1 – SUBJECT MATTER OF MEMORANDUM<\/h2>\n
Constituents of Memorandum of Association<\/h3>\n
Other objects<\/h3>\n
CHAPTER 2 – ALTERATION OF MEMORANDUM<\/h2>\n
2.1 Alteration of Memorandum of Association under the Common Law<\/h3>\n
2.2 Alteration of Memorandum of Association under Indian Law<\/h3>\n
Alteration of Name Clause<\/h4>\n
Alteration of Registered Office Clause<\/h4>\n
Alteration of Object Clause<\/h4>\n
Doctrine of Ultra Vires<\/h3>\n