{"id":3391,"date":"2018-02-02T08:40:48","date_gmt":"2018-02-02T08:40:48","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-06-27T10:55:53","modified_gmt":"2019-06-27T10:55:53","slug":"as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php","title":{"rendered":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

Introduction<\/h2>\n

The doctrine of precedent plays a vital role in the English law because of common law tradition which is the main source for English law. However, British people believe that there is nothing important than Westminster Parliament, because Parliament can decide anything with a simple majority and it is the supreme legal authority which creates or ends any law. The idea of Parliament sovereignty is very powerful in creating the democratic society and is more complete in England than practically else in the world. However, in this essay I will discuss the role of the doctrine of precedent in the English law where the idea of Parliament sovereignty confronts to the traditions of common law system. Moreover, I will show how European Union does affect the Parliament sovereignty in England. Additionally it would be logically to discuss the doctrine of separation of powers (Legislative, Judicial, and Executive). Finally the conclusion of the whole topic will be provided and summarized.<\/p>\n

The doctrine of precedent<\/h2>\n

The doctrine of precedent term is used in common law tradition countries. Common law is a system of law that prevails in England. The name is derived from the medieval theory that the law administered by the king\u2019s courts represented the common system of the realm, as opposed to the custom of local jurisdiction that was applied in local or manorial courts. [1<\/a>]<\/span> (Malika M. 2010) Later as a result of British colonization, common law was adopted in many countries such as Australia, India, Hong Kong, and East Asia. In common tradition countries the cases are resolved according to the previous cases \u2013 precedents, which show the principle of stare decisis, or also known as the doctrine of precedents which means decide similar cases similarly. Moreover, cases are the primary sources of English law in decision making process; hence the courts will resolve problems quicker because they can just apply precedents to matter by using this database.<\/p>\n

The principle of the doctrine of precedent wasn\u2019t always applied strictly. In medieval England, courts investigate earlier cases for assistance but they could reject those which were considered a bad law. Moreover, due to the fact that there was a lack of reliable written reports of cases, courts pay less attention on the previous decisions. Only in early 1800s in the United States official reports of cases began to be available, but until 1865 semiofficial reports were not produced in England at all. When, finally reports became available for lawyers and judges in England, they could more accurately interpret prior decisions.<\/p>\n

For the doctrine of precedent to be effective, each jurisdiction must have one highest court to declare what the law is in a precedent-setting case. Whatever courts decide becomes judicial precedent or it is also known as judge made law. According to Wisegeek this term developed from the fact whereas legislation is passed in the majority of the countries by a separate legislative branch, when the courts are able \u201cto exercise a moderate amount of quasi-legislative power through the use of precedent and case law” (Wisegeek, 2008). Sometimes, a judge may purposely act against established case law in an effort to begin the process of re-examining a precedent and maybe totally changing it. However, the judge will face with problem of rigidity in common law system; because he or she has to push the case into higher courts where the old established precedents should be re-examined in favor of a new outlook. According to Legal-Directory.net, internet resource, \u201cthe possibility that case-law will be abrogated or modified by legislation alleviates the disadvantage of rigidity to some degree, but in practice it is rare for the legislation to interfere with case-law.” However, according to my opinion, rigidity will promote the quickness of decision making process.<\/p>\n

Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory<\/h2>\n

The concept of Parliament sovereignty can be drawn from the \u201cglorious revolution” with the Bill of Rights in 1689. The principal provisions of the \u201cBill of Rights” are the following; 1) the Crown is not allowed to suspend or execute laws without parliamentary consent 2) the use of money by the Crown without parliamentary consent is illegal 3) the elections of members of Parliament have to be free 4) jury trial must be available 5) raising or keeping an army in peacetime without parliamentary consent are illegal. However, we can see the promotion of Parliament power in every part of the England life.<\/p>\n

The constitutional structure in modern England is not complex. Moreover UK doesn\u2019t have written or codified single document which is called constitution. Main principle of the British constitution can be expressed in a bald and fair manner. According to source, \u201cA statute, that is a piece of legislation produced by Parliament, is generally regarded as the highest form of law within the British constitutional structure.” The British Parliament is considered as a sovereign law-maker.<\/p>\n

In order to describe the concept of parliamentary sovereignty, we will use the Orthodox theory.<\/p>\n

In the late XIX century this legal theory was developed by an Oxford law professor, A V Dicey, in the first edition of his textbook, An introduction to the study of the law of the constitution. Dicey exerted great influence on British constitutional law, but many legal scholars thought that it was untrue because Dicey could not express the concept of democracy as it is now understood. For instance, Dicey thought that during Parliamentary elections women and working class people can not vote. However, it is important to understand the basic features of his theory. Dicey suggested that the parliamentary sovereignty has two features \u2013 a positive and a negative one.<\/p>\n

The positive and negative points of Dicey\u2019s theory<\/h2>\n

Positive point of Diceyan\u2019s theory of parliamentary sovereignty is well expressed in the following concept that Parliament can produce or abolish any law they want with a simple majority of votes of the House of Commons\u2019 members. In addition any particular bill is then approved by both members in the House of Lords and by the Monarch, thereafter the bill becomes an Act, irrespective of its contents.<\/p>\n

There are no limits used to the substance of statute law in technical legal terms; \u201cParliament can make law that it wishes”. Surprisingly it doesn\u2019t matter how big the majority in Parliament it is for particular measure; \u201can Act passed by a majority of one in both the House of Commons and the parliamentary sovereignty House of Lords is an authoritative as legislation which receives unanimous support.” In this case we can measure that there is no distinction between \u2018ordinary\u2019 and \u2018constitutional\u2019 (or \u2018fundamental\u2019) law. Parliament maw behave itself just in the same way while it deals with ordinary issues or of no particular importance issue, or in case of vitally important matters.<\/p>\n

The negative point proposition can be expressed in the following way that an Act of Westminster Parliament cannot be abolished or changed by any British courts. There is no special procedure in British constitution which states that an Act of Parliament can be legally invalid. However if the statute was established and approved by Parliament, nobody can change it, even constitution of UK, because we face here with the pure Parliament sovereignty conception. According to the Diceyan theory \u201cthere is no higher form of law than the will of Parliament”.<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Content\t1 Introduction\t1 The doctrine of precedent\t1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory\t2 The positive and negative points…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[23],"tags":[85],"class_list":["post-3391","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-law-essayspublic-law","tag-uk-law"],"yoast_head":"\nAs the Sovereignty of Parliament | LawTeacher.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"As the Sovereignty of Parliament\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"LawTeacher.net\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:author\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-large-logo.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1920\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1080\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"LawTeacher\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@LawTeacherNet\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"LawTeacher\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"ScholarlyArticle\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"LawTeacher\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e\"},\"headline\":\"As the Sovereignty of Parliament\",\"datePublished\":\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\"},\"wordCount\":1215,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\"},\"keywords\":[\"UK Law\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Public Law\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\",\"url\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\",\"name\":\"As the Sovereignty of Parliament | LawTeacher.net\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00\",\"description\":\"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"As the Sovereignty of Parliament\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\",\"name\":\"Law Teacher\",\"description\":\"The Law Essay Professionals\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\"},\"alternateName\":\"LawTeacher.net\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization\",\"name\":\"Law Teacher\",\"alternateName\":\"LawTeacher.net\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg\",\"width\":250,\"height\":250,\"caption\":\"Law Teacher\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"},\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=447723491966&text&type=phone_number&app_absent=0\"],\"description\":\"Law Teacher provides academic writing services for law students throughout the world.\",\"email\":\"contact@lawteacher.net\",\"telephone\":\"+44 115 966 7966\",\"numberOfEmployees\":{\"@type\":\"QuantitativeValue\",\"minValue\":\"51\",\"maxValue\":\"200\"}},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e\",\"name\":\"LawTeacher\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g\",\"caption\":\"LawTeacher\"},\"description\":\"LawTeacher.net is the UK's leading provider of academic legal support, offering both writing services and an extensive collection of law study resources for students in the UK and overseas. Founded in 2003 by Grey's Inn graduate Barclay Littlewood, the Company was built on a commitment to excellence, with unique guarantees and a high standard of service from day one. The team includes over 500 UK legally qualified writing experts, with many practising solicitors and barristers, and several former lecturers.\",\"sameAs\":[\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\",\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet\",\"https:\/\/gravatar.com\/lawteacherprofile\"],\"knowsAbout\":[\"Contract Law\",\"Criminal Law\",\"Constitutional and Administrative Law\",\"EU Law\",\"Tort Law\",\"Property Law\",\"Equity and Trusts\",\"Jurisprudence\",\"Company Law\",\"Commercial Law\",\"Family Law\",\"Human Rights Law\",\"Employment Law\",\"Evidence\",\"Public International Law\",\"Legal Research and Methods\",\"Dispute Resolution\",\"Business Law and Practice\",\"Civil Litigation\",\"Criminal Litigation\",\"Professional Conduct\",\"Taxation\",\"Wills and Administration of Estates\",\"Solicitors\u2019 Accounts\"],\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/author\/lawteacher\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament | LawTeacher.net","description":"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament","og_description":"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...","og_url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php","og_site_name":"LawTeacher.net","article_publisher":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/","article_author":"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet","article_published_time":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","og_image":[{"width":1920,"height":1080,"url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-large-logo.webp","type":"image\/webp"}],"author":"LawTeacher","twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_creator":"@LawTeacherNet","twitter_site":"@LawTeacherNet","twitter_misc":{"Written by":"LawTeacher","Estimated reading time":"6 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"ScholarlyArticle","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#article","isPartOf":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php"},"author":{"name":"LawTeacher","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e"},"headline":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament","datePublished":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","mainEntityOfPage":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php"},"wordCount":1215,"publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization"},"keywords":["UK Law"],"articleSection":["Public Law"],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php","url":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php","name":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament | LawTeacher.net","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website"},"datePublished":"-0001-11-30T00:00:00+00:00","description":"Content 1 Introduction 1 The doctrine of precedent 1 Parliament Sovereignty according to the Diceyan theory 2 The positive and negative points...","breadcrumb":{"@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php"]}]},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"http:\/\/64.226.118.242:8001\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/as-the-sovereignty-of-parliament-law-essays.php#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"As the Sovereignty of Parliament"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#website","url":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/","name":"Law Teacher","description":"The Law Essay Professionals","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization"},"alternateName":"LawTeacher.net","potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#organization","name":"Law Teacher","alternateName":"LawTeacher.net","url":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/LT-logo.jpg","width":250,"height":250,"caption":"Law Teacher"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"},"sameAs":["https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet\/","https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send\/?phone=447723491966&text&type=phone_number&app_absent=0"],"description":"Law Teacher provides academic writing services for law students throughout the world.","email":"contact@lawteacher.net","telephone":"+44 115 966 7966","numberOfEmployees":{"@type":"QuantitativeValue","minValue":"51","maxValue":"200"}},{"@type":"Person","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/b99962c073c877c4ab8ee3d2486cd56e","name":"LawTeacher","image":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/wp.lawteacher.net\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","contentUrl":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/4fdfab0a9ef25209f111018ecc8a983e19e57c5066a9277217a119582ccbeed3?s=96&d=mm&r=g","caption":"LawTeacher"},"description":"LawTeacher.net is the UK's leading provider of academic legal support, offering both writing services and an extensive collection of law study resources for students in the UK and overseas. Founded in 2003 by Grey's Inn graduate Barclay Littlewood, the Company was built on a commitment to excellence, with unique guarantees and a high standard of service from day one. The team includes over 500 UK legally qualified writing experts, with many practising solicitors and barristers, and several former lecturers.","sameAs":["https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net","https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/x.com\/LawTeacherNet","https:\/\/gravatar.com\/lawteacherprofile"],"knowsAbout":["Contract Law","Criminal Law","Constitutional and Administrative Law","EU Law","Tort Law","Property Law","Equity and Trusts","Jurisprudence","Company Law","Commercial Law","Family Law","Human Rights Law","Employment Law","Evidence","Public International Law","Legal Research and Methods","Dispute Resolution","Business Law and Practice","Civil Litigation","Criminal Litigation","Professional Conduct","Taxation","Wills and Administration of Estates","Solicitors\u2019 Accounts"],"url":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/author\/lawteacher"}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3391","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3391"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3391\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3391"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3391"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3391"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}