{"id":2914,"date":"2018-02-02T08:40:45","date_gmt":"2018-02-02T08:40:45","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-08-06T14:06:29","modified_gmt":"2019-08-06T14:06:29","slug":"corporate-group-structure","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/company-law\/corporate-group-structure.php","title":{"rendered":"Corporate Group Structure"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><!--Content starts here!--><\/p>\n<h3>Introduction<\/h3>\n<p>There is no compact and universal definition of the company. On the other hand, a company can be described for legal purposes as an independent person having an existence separate from that of the human beings who own, manage and serve. The company neither stops existing with the change of the members or managers nor dies with the death of the formers of the company. It is this concept which allows limited liability for shareholders as the debts belong to the legal entity of the company and not to the shareholders in that company.<\/p>\n<p>At the same time the courts have to maintain a watchful eye on any misuse of the corporate form. Lifting the veil refers to the possibility of looking behind the company\u2018s separate personality to make the members liable, as an exception to the rule that they are normally shielded by the corporate shell.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe question specifically asks that there is no merit in imposing a more integrated regime on groups of companies which would take away flexibility and strike at the limited liability basis of the company\u201d. It also asks that there is \u201cno evidence of abuse of corporate status by parent companies\u201d. In order to assess the validity of the statement, we need to critically analysis the concept of corporate group structure. In this essay we will firstly define the company and its functions. Secondly we assess the concept of the limited liability which is the essential characteristic of the company; thirdly we explain the corporate personality and corporate group structure and the concept of the veil lifting. In order to discuss the abuse of the corporate status there is a need to define the parent and subsidiary companies, discuss the special relationship of parent to its subsidiary and any potential liability of a parent for the acts of the subsidiary.<\/p>\n<p>The institution of limited liability for companies has typically been regarded as one of the most important innovations of the late industrial revolution period. This view was appropriately expressed by Professor N.M. Butler, who stated: &#8220;The limited liability corporation is the greatest single discovery of modern times&#8230; Even steam and electricity are less important than the limited liability company&#8221;. Commentators generally consider that limited liability has been proved a vital instrument in the attainment of economic growth. However, recent analysis of the limited liability principle has questioned its potential.<\/p>\n<h3>Company<\/h3>\n<h3>Definition<\/h3>\n<p>The company can be defined as the legal recognition by the state of a connected group of individuals who pool together their capital to pursue some commonly agreed aim. The formation of a company is governed by the Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006), ss 715.<\/p>\n<h3>Background<\/h3>\n<h3>Functions<\/h3>\n<p>The company is regarded as a wealth creation vehicle in the modern world. The company has the following functions:<\/p>\n<h3>Limited Liability Theory Of The Company<\/h3>\n<h3>Exceptions To Limited Liability<\/h3>\n<h3>Essential Characteristics Of Incorporation<\/h3>\n<h3>Separate Legal Entity<\/h3>\n<p>When a company is incorporated it is treated as a separate legal entity distinct from its promoters, directors, members, and employees; and hence the concept of the corporate veil, separating those parties from the corporate body, has arisen. John P. Lowry has expresses that the principle of \u201ccorporate personality\u201d has long been regarded as a corner stone of English law. In Salomon v. Salomon &amp; Co. Lt., Lord Macnaghten expressed the principle in the following unequivocal terms:<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe company is at law a different person altogether from the subscribers to the memorandum; and though it may be that after incorporation the business is precisely the same as it was before, and the same persons are managers, and the same hands receive the profits, the company is not in law the agent of the subscribers or the trustee for them\u201d.<\/p>\n<h3>Organs Of Control<\/h3>\n<p>The two main organs of the company are as follow:<\/p>\n<h3>Board Of Directors<\/h3>\n<p>Board of Directors is a key organ of the company. Directors usually define and execute the general policy of the company. They sometimes referred to as the mind of the company and the body through which the company acts. The directors can delegate its powers or its part to other directors or any members and authorizes them to act in order to pursue the objectives of the company. In doing so, the directors ultimately retain the responsibility for monitoring the delegated powers. This is, therefore, pro-active delegation is which directors owe a duty to act with due care, skill and diligence.<\/p>\n<h3>Shareholders<\/h3>\n<p>The second and the principal organ of the company is Annual General Meeting (AGM) in which all the shareholders or members who have right to vote are included. The shareholders could be a natural or legal person who has invested in the company and in return has taken shares. They also have right to vote and participate in the affairs of the company.<\/p>\n<h3>Corporate Personality:<\/h3>\n<h3>Separate Legal Entity<\/h3>\n<p>The company is regarded as a separate legal entity which is separate from the persons who formed it. The company can be formed under s 7 of Companies Act 2006 (CA 2006).<\/p>\n<h3>Individual Company<\/h3>\n<h3>Group Of Companies<\/h3>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol>\n<li>\n<h3>Lifting The Corporate Veil:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Common Law Situation<\/h3>\n<h3>Modern Law Situation<\/h3>\n<h3>Courts Struggle In Lifting The Veil<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol start=\"2\">\n<li>\n<h3>Corporate Group Structure:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Parent Company<\/h3>\n<h3>Subsidiary Companies<\/h3>\n<h3>Abuse Of Corporate Structure By The Parent<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li style=\"list-style-type: none;\">\n<ol start=\"3\">\n<li>\n<h3>Limited Liability And Veil Lifting:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>Criminal Liability I-E Corporate Manslaughter<\/h3>\n<h3>Veil Will Not Be Lifted In The Interest Of Justice<\/h3>\n<ol start=\"4\">\n<li>\n<h3>Abuse Of Corporate Status:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Liability Of Parents For The Acts Of The Subsidiaries:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<h3>Problems In Imposing Integrated Reginme On Group Of Companies:<\/h3>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3>It Would Take Away Flexibility.<\/h3>\n<p>In order to critically evaluate the concept of the corporate group structure we have to answer the following questions:<\/p>\n<p>a) The concept of corporate personality;<\/p>\n<p>b) The key effects of corporate legal personality in relation to liability;<\/p>\n<p>c) The difficulties the courts face when having to decide whether to maintain or disregard the veil of incorporation;<\/p>\n<p>d) The situations where legislation will allow the veil of incorporation to be lifted;<\/p>\n<p>e) The complexity posed by group structures.<\/p>\n<h3>Self-Test Questions<\/h3>\n<p>1. What do we mean by \u2017separate legal personality\u2018?<\/p>\n<p>2. Will the death of a shareholder cause the dissolution of a company?<\/p>\n<p>3. What is meant by perpetual succession?<\/p>\n<p>4. What is the most important consequence of incorporation for a company?<\/p>\n<p>5. What is the veil of incorporation?<\/p>\n<p>6. Describe the situations where legislation will allow the veil of incorporation to be lifted?<\/p>\n<p>7. Explain the main categories of veil lifting applied by the courts?<\/p>\n<p>8. Explain the difference between section 213 and 214 of the Insolvency Act 1986?<\/p>\n<p>9. What is a \u2017group entity\u2018?<\/p>\n<p>10. What was decided in Adams V Cape Industries plc?<\/p>\n<h3>Bibliography<\/h3>\n<p>Mayson, French and Ryan, Company Law, Chapter 5 pages 118-153<\/p>\n<p>Dignam and Lowry, Company Law, Chapter 2 pages 14-51<\/p>\n<p>Davies, Chapter 8, 9<\/p>\n<p>Sealy, Cases and Materials on Company Law, Chapter 2, pages 31-95<\/p>\n<h3>Articles<\/h3>\n<p>Ottolenghi, S. [1990] \u2017From peeping behind the corporate veil to ignoring it completely\u2018, MLR 338<\/p>\n<p>Gallagher and Ziegler \u2017Lifting the Corporate Veil in the Pursuit of Justice\u2018 (1990) JBL 292<\/p>\n<p>Rixon, F.G. [1986] \u2017Lifting the veil between holding and subsidiary companies\u2018, 102 LQR 415<\/p>\n<p>Samuels, A, \u2017Lifting the veil\u2018, [1964] JBL 107<\/p>\n<p>Png ` Lifting the Veil of Incorporation: Creasey V Breachwood Motors: A Right Decision with the Wrong Reasons\u2018 [1999] Co Law 122<\/p>\n<p>Rixon, \u2017Lifting the veil between holding and subsidiary companies\u2018 (1986) 102 LQR 415<\/p>\n<p>Tham C \u2017Piercing the corporate veil: searching for the appropriate choice of law rules\u2018, [2007]<\/p>\n<p>LMCLQ 22<\/p>\n<p>Muchlinski, P.T.` Holding multinationals to account: recent developments in English litigation and the Company Law Review \u2017, [ 2002] Co Law 168<\/p>\n<h3>Case Law<\/h3>\n<h3>Corporate Personality<\/h3>\n<p>Salomon v Salomon and Co. [1897] AC 22(HOL)<\/p>\n<p>Broderip v Salomon [1895] 2 Ch 323<\/p>\n<h3>The Consequence Of Separate Personality<\/h3>\n<p>Macaura v Northern Assurance Co [1925] AC 619-members have no interest in the company\u2018s property<\/p>\n<p>Re Lewis\u2018s will trusts [1985]1 WLR 102<\/p>\n<p>Lee v Lee\u2018s Air farming [1961] AC 12A company may contract with its members<\/p>\n<p>Acatos and Hutcheson plc v Watson [1995] 1 BCLC 218<\/p>\n<p>Re Noel Redman Holdings Pty Ltd [1967] Qdr 561a company survives the death of its members<\/p>\n<p>Foss V Harbottle [1843} 67 ER 189 -members of company cannot sue on its behalf<\/p>\n<h3>Veil Lifting By The Courts<\/h3>\n<p>Sham or pretence; evading enforcement of existing rights<\/p>\n<p>Gilford Motor Company v Horne [1933] Ch 935<\/p>\n<p>Jones v Lipman [1962] 1 WLR 832<\/p>\n<p>Trustor AB V Smallbone<\/p>\n<p>Re A Company [1985] 1BCC 99421 Fa\u00e7ade<\/p>\n<p>Re Bugle Press [1961] Ch 270<\/p>\n<p>Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd V Daimler Co Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307<\/p>\n<p>Means to perpetuate fraud<\/p>\n<p>Re Darby, ex p Brougham [1911] 1KB 95<\/p>\n<p>Aveling Barford Ltd V Perion Ltd [1989} BCLC 626 Agency relationship<\/p>\n<p>RE FG Films Ltd [1953] 1 WLR 483<\/p>\n<p>Smith v Stone and Knight Ltd v Secretary of State for transport [1994] 2 All ER 116<\/p>\n<p>Group companies<\/p>\n<p>DHN v Tower Hamlets London Borough Council [1976] 3 All ER 642<\/p>\n<p>Woolfson V Strathclyde<\/p>\n<p>Adams v Cape Industries plc [1991]1 All ER 929<\/p>\n<p>Creasey V Breachwood Motors Ltd [1992] BCC 638<\/p>\n<p>Ord v Belhaven Pubs Ltd [1998] BCC 486<\/p>\n<p>Yukong Lines Ltd of Korea v Rendsburg Investments Corporation (No 2) [1998] BCC 870; [1998] 4 All ER 82<\/p>\n<p>Ratiu V Conway [2006] 1 ALL ER 571<\/p>\n<p>Samengo Turner V J&amp; H Marsh &amp; McLennan (Services) Ltd [2007] 2 All ER (Comm) 813<\/p>\n<p>Beckett Investment Management Group Ltd V Hall [2007] EWCA Civ 613<\/p>\n<p>Raja V Van Hoogsstraten [2007] The Times August 23 Corporate veil lifting in tort cases<\/p>\n<p>Lubbe and Others V Cape Industries plc [2000]1 Lloyd\u2018s Rep 139<\/p>\n<p>Connelly V RTZ Corp Plc ( No 2) [ 1997] 4 All ER 335<\/p>\n<p>Williams V National Life Health Foods Ltd [1998] 2 All ER 577<\/p>\n<h3>Legislative Intervention<\/h3>\n<p>Section 213 &#8211; 215 Insolvency Acts 1986<\/p>\n<p>Re Patrick and Lyons Ltd [1993]<\/p>\n<p>Re Produce Marketing Consortium Ltd<\/p>\n<p>Re Todd Ltd [1990] BCLC 454<\/p>\n<p>Section 399 CA 2006<\/p>\n<p>Section 409 CA 2006<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>There is no compact and universal definition of the company. On the other hand, a company can be described for legal purposes as an independent person having an existence separate from that of the human beings who own, manage and serve.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[40],"tags":[85],"class_list":["post-2914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-law-essayscompany-law","tag-uk-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Corporate Group Structure | LawTeacher.net<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"There is no compact and universal definition of the company. 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