{"id":271,"date":"2019-08-06T09:13:44","date_gmt":"2019-08-06T09:13:44","guid":{"rendered":""},"modified":"2019-08-07T11:05:06","modified_gmt":"2019-08-07T11:05:06","slug":"governmental-power-united-kingdom-8362","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/constitutional-law\/governmental-power-united-kingdom-8362.php","title":{"rendered":"Governmental Power in the United Kingdom"},"content":{"rendered":"<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote\">\n<p><em>\u201cThe rules that allocate and control governmental power in the United Kingdom are diverse in nature, sometimes uncertain in content and nearly all of them are easy to change; as a result, it is doubtful that there is such a thing as the \u201cconstitution of the United Kingdom.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>An overarching theme in any popular academic commentary of United Kingdom constitutionalism surrounds the issue of codification or the lack thereof, in providing a platform for the suitable systematisation of laws that can be described in many ways as \u2018foundational\u2019.<sup>1<\/sup> The very existentialism of the question \u2013 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/public-law\/to-what-extent-does-the-uk-have-a-constitution-public-law-essay.php\">\u2018does the United Kingdom have a constitution?\u2019<\/a> has been historically attributed to the multiplicity of the sources <sup>2<\/sup> of the same and the absence of an otherwise globally accepted traditional \u2018Capital-C\u2019 structure of an entrenched and all-encompassing set of laws.<\/p>\n<p>The<br \/>\nabsence of these \u2018Capital-C\u2019 characteristics has naturally galvanised a large<br \/>\ndegree of academic inquiry into whether the United Kingdom does indeed have<br \/>\nwhat it can call its own \u2018constitution\u2019. Furthermore, with academic<br \/>\ninterpretation having reached verdicts on both accounts, it can be logically inferred<br \/>\nthat the debate often surrounds itself on the ambiguity in the very definitions<br \/>\nof what might constitute a \u2018constitution\u2019.<\/p>\n<p>Hence over<br \/>\nthe course of this analysis, various key sources of governmental power in the<br \/>\nUnited Kingdom will be critically examined, keeping in mind the nature, purpose,<br \/>\nand course of development of the same. Additionally, to ensure that inferences<br \/>\nmade are logical and coherent, questions surrounding the key characteristic<br \/>\nfeatures of constitutions shall also be scrutinised.<\/p>\n<p><strong>What is desired out of a<br \/>\nconstitution?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>By<br \/>\nhighlighting the role of constitutions in establishing governments, being an<br \/>\nauthority over the established order, being superior to and a source of all<br \/>\nothers laws along with being entrenched, FF Ridley sets out objectively the<br \/>\ncharacteristics required from a constitution in the modern world in his<br \/>\ncommentaries on the topic. However, he admits the impact of historic revolutions<br \/>\nand the modern international interpretation of the word has on his rather watertight<br \/>\ncharacterisation.<sup>3<\/sup> <\/p>\n<p>In fact,<br \/>\nthe role revolutionary constitutionalism has played in the establishment of constitutions<br \/>\naround the world, from the United States to India, cannot be wholly<br \/>\ndisregarded. The internationally accepted \u2018Capital-C\u2019 style of constitutions itself<br \/>\nowes its popularity to political revolutions whose outcomes involved the ideals<br \/>\nof the revolution being codified and entrenched via the medium of a<br \/>\nconstitution.<sup>4<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Meanwhile,<br \/>\nthe constitutional instruments in Britain owe their development to general<br \/>\nsocio-political developments, with only the Glorious Revolution and English<br \/>\nCivil Wars of the seventeenth century being instances of upheaval that helped<br \/>\nin partial constitutional codification.<sup>5<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Where is public law in Britain<br \/>\nderived from?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>To answer<br \/>\nthe larger question regarding whether the United Kingdom does indeed have a<br \/>\nconstitution, it is necessary to examine the sources of the rules allocating<br \/>\ngovernmental power and why their content and nature in applicability has given<br \/>\nrise to polar opinions on the topic.<\/p>\n<p>In a country having a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.lawteacher.net\/free-law-essays\/constitutional-law\/significant-constitutional-principles-in-the-uk.php\">\u2018Capital-C\u2019 style constitution<\/a>, the principal sources of public law other than the main constitution text itself would be constitutionally significant statutes or legislation and judicial decisions of a similar nature. Hence, in the United Kingdom scenario, where the constitution itself is missing, the latter two assume greater significance in matters of public law. <sup>6<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>When <em>legislation<\/em> as a constitutional source<br \/>\nis addressed, the concept of parliamentary sovereignty as stressed on in the<br \/>\nworks of Dicey,<sup>7<\/sup> requires special attention. While historical<br \/>\nstatutes of constitutional significance such as the Magna Carta and the Bill of<br \/>\nRights are crucial to analyse the development of primary legislation, the<br \/>\nsupreme legal authority of the United Kingdom Parliament to create or strike<br \/>\ndown primary legislation in the modern context demands keen scrutiny. In many<br \/>\nways, the existence of parliamentary sovereignty provides the foundational<br \/>\nlegal stability a \u2018small-c\u2019 constitution may arguably lack. <\/p>\n<p>However,<br \/>\nthis silver lining is weakened by the fact that Parliament itself can unmake or<br \/>\nstrike down its own laws. Hence the stability of an entrenched constitution is<br \/>\nnever availed of fully.<\/p>\n<p>This<br \/>\nweakness continues in a greater capacity with regards to secondary legislation<br \/>\nas the Supreme Court has the authority to challenge their validity. This<br \/>\ncompetence of the Supreme Court in a broader sense is also crucial in<br \/>\nunderstanding the role it plays in ensuring compliance of domestic law to<br \/>\nEuropean Union law via judicial review.<sup>8<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>In terms of legal sources outside statutes, <em>case law<\/em> has played an important role in not only helping interpret statutes but also act as a source of constitutional rules themselves. A debate that may arise in this context is if constitutional principles derived from judicial decisions can be held in the same legal prominence as article-based provisions of written and codified constitutional texts. For instance, fully taking into account the novel and landmark nature of the case <em>Entick v Carrington<\/em>,<sup>9<\/sup> can the principles of civil liberty and limitation of state powers laid down in the same be held of similar constitutional nature as the <em>Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution?<\/em><sup>10<\/sup> Furthermore, sufficient doubt will continue to persist on how pursuers of Ridley\u2019s model of constitutions would classify case laws on their own within the four characteristics he defined. <\/p>\n<p><strong>Nature of Non-Legal Sources in<br \/>\nUnited Kingdom Constitutional Theory<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Investigating<br \/>\nthe other side of the spectrum, the prominence of non-legal <em>constitutional conventions <\/em>in the United<br \/>\nKingdom arguably denote the \u2018political\u2019<strong> <\/strong>nature<br \/>\nof the country\u2019s constitutional system and arguably support statements that<br \/>\nargue the volatility of the same as they are capable of being relatively easier<br \/>\nto change.<sup>11<\/sup><\/p>\n<p>Scrutiny<br \/>\naround the uncertainty of the status of conventions arises on multiple grounds.<br \/>\nImmediate questions arise on whether conventions can enjoy judicial recognition<br \/>\nin the same manner as a statutory instrument or case law, and whether the<br \/>\nobligations they impose are simply moral rather than legal.<sup>12 <\/sup><\/p>\n<p>This is a<br \/>\nmatter of concern as this implies that courts cannot keep a check on the<br \/>\npreservation of conventions on legal grounds due to their reliance on non-legal<br \/>\nobligations.<sup>13<\/sup> It is not to say their existence will be disregarded<br \/>\nby courts,<sup>14<\/sup> but it will largely be left to the discretion of<br \/>\npolitical actors in respective circumstances to ensure compliance.<sup>15<\/sup><\/p>\n<p><strong>Does the United Kingdom have a<br \/>\nconstitution?<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>As one<br \/>\naims to answer the aforementioned question that this entire analysis has<br \/>\ndeveloped towards, it is necessary to recall the points of academic inquiry and<br \/>\ndisagreement regarding the very rules allocating governmental power in the<br \/>\nUnited Kingdom. The diverse nature of these sources of constitutional law and<br \/>\ntheir frequent uncertainty in practice themselves as demonstrated in this<br \/>\nanalysis, are the very reasons this question continues to rise in the academic context.<\/p>\n<p>Taking<br \/>\ninto account the culmination of these factors and juxtaposing them against the characteristics<br \/>\ndesired out of constitutions in the comparative context in much of the modern<br \/>\nworld, there appears to be insufficient evidence to substantiate the existence<br \/>\nof a constitution in the United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>While it<br \/>\nmay be argued that the current legal and political mechanisms in practice<br \/>\nfulfil the \u201cfunctions\u201d a constitution would be reasonably expected to<sup>16<\/sup><br \/>\nor that no constitutions in the world are entirely written down in the first<br \/>\nplace;<sup>17<\/sup> taking into account the path of development modern constitutions<br \/>\nhave taken globally, the legal premises in the United Kingdom fail to<br \/>\ndemonstrate a convincing case for the presence of any legal order that may be<br \/>\ncalled a constitution. <\/p>\n<h3>BIBLIOGRAPHY<\/h3>\n<h4>BOOKS<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>&#8212; Fenwick H, Phillipson and Williams A, <em>Text, Cases and Materials on Public Law and Human Rights<\/em> (4<sup>th<\/sup> edn, Routledge 2016)<\/li>\n<li>Bradley AW, Ewing KD and Knight CJS, <em>Constitutional and Administrative Law<\/em> (16th edn, Pearson 2015)<\/li>\n<li>Dicey AV, <em>Introduction to the Study of the Law of the Constitution <\/em>(8<sup>th<\/sup> edn, Macmillan and Co. 1915)<\/li>\n<li>King A, <em>The British Constitution<\/em> (Oxford University Press, 2007)<\/li>\n<li>Masterman R and Murray C, <em>Constitutional and Administrative Law<\/em> (1<sup>st<\/sup> edn, Pearson 2013)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>STATUTES<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Bill of Rights 1689<\/li>\n<li>Magna Carta Libertatum 1215<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>CASES<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd and Ors <\/em>[1976]QB 752<\/li>\n<li><em>Entick v Carrington &amp; Ors<\/em> [1765] EWHC KB J98<\/li>\n<li><em>Manuel v Attorney General<\/em> [1983] Ch 77<\/li>\n<li><em>R v Secretary of State for Transport, <\/em>ex parte Factortame <em>(No.2) <\/em>[1991] 1 AC 603 <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>JOURNAL ARTICLES<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li>Blick A, \u2018Codifying or Not Codifying the United Kingdom Constitution: The Existing Constitution\u2019 [2012] <em>Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies<\/em><\/li>\n<li>Barendt E, \u2018Is there a United Kingdom Constitution\u2019 [1997] <em>Oxford Journal of Legal Studies<\/em> 17(1)<\/li>\n<li>Epstein RA, Entick v Carrington and Boyd v United States: Keeping the Fourth and Fifth Amendments on Track [2015] <em>University of Chicago Law Review,<\/em> 82(1)<\/li>\n<li>Gardbaum S, \u2018Revolutionary Constitutionalism\u2019 [2017] <em>International Journal of Constitutional Law, <\/em>15(1)<\/li>\n<li>Griffith J, \u2018The Political Constitution\u2019 [1979] <em>Modern Law Review<\/em>, 42(1)<\/li>\n<li>Jaconelli J, \u2018Do Constitutional Conventions Bind?\u2019 [2005] <em>Cambridge Law Journal<\/em>, 64(1)<\/li>\n<li>Marshall G, \u2018What are Constitutional Conventions?\u2019 [1985]<em> Parliamentary Affairs<\/em>, 38(1)<\/li>\n<li>Phillips LW, \u2018A Long Look at the British Constitution\u2019 [1984]<em> Parliamentary Affairs, <\/em>37(4)<\/li>\n<li>Ridley FF, \u2018There is No British Constitution: A Dangerous Case of the Emperor\u2019s New Clothes\u2019 [1988] <em>Parliamentary Affairs, <\/em>41(3)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4>OTHER SOURCES<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><em>US Const amend IV <\/em><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><sup>1<\/sup> Andrew Blick,<br \/>\n\u2018Codifying or Not Codifying the United Kingdom Constitution: The Existing<br \/>\nConstitution\u2019 [2012] <em>Centre for Political<br \/>\nand Constitutional Studies<\/em><\/p>\n<p><sup>2 <\/sup>Leslie<br \/>\nWolf-Phillips, \u2018A Long Look at the British Constitution\u2019 [1984]<em> Parliamentary Affairs, <\/em>37(4) 385<\/p>\n<p><sup>3 <\/sup>FF<br \/>\nRidley, \u2018There is No British Constitution: A Dangerous Case of the Emperor\u2019s<br \/>\nNew Clothes\u2019 [1988] <em>Parliamentary<br \/>\nAffairs, <\/em>41(3) 340, 342-343<\/p>\n<p><sup>4<\/sup> R Masterman and C Murray, <em>Constitutional and Administrative Law<\/em> (1<sup>st<\/sup> edn, Pearson<br \/>\n2013) 15<\/p>\n<p><sup>5<br \/>\n<\/sup>Stephen Gardbaum, \u2018Revolutionary Constitutionalism\u2019<br \/>\n[2017] <em>International Journal of<br \/>\nConstitutional Law, <\/em>15(1) 173<\/p>\n<p><sup>6<\/sup> AW Bradley, KD<br \/>\nEwing, and CJS Knight, <em>Constitutional and<br \/>\nAdministrative Law<\/em> (16<sup>th<\/sup> edn, Pearson 2015)<\/p>\n<p><sup>7<\/sup> Albert Venn Dicey,<br \/>\n<em>Introduction to the Study of the Law of<br \/>\nthe Constitution <\/em>(8<sup>th<\/sup> edn, Macmillan and Co 1915)<\/p>\n<p><sup>8<br \/>\n<\/sup><em>R v Secretary of State for Transport, <\/em>ex parte Factortame <em>(No 2) <\/em>[1991]<br \/>\n1 AC 603 <sup><\/sup><\/p>\n<p><sup>9 <\/sup><em>Entick v Carrington &amp; Ors<\/em> [1765] EWHC KB J98<\/p>\n<p><sup>10<\/sup> Richard Epstein, Entick v Carrington and Boyd v United States: Keeping<br \/>\nthe Fourth and Fifth Amendments on Track [2015] <em>University of Chicago Law Review,<\/em> 82(1) 27<\/p>\n<p><sup>11<\/sup> J<br \/>\nGriffith, \u2018The Political Constitution\u2019 [1979] <em>Modern Law Review<\/em>, 42(1) 1, 19<\/p>\n<p><sup>12 <\/sup>Geoffrey<br \/>\nMarshall, \u2018What are Constitutional Conventions?\u2019 [1985]<em> Parliamentary Affairs<\/em>, 38(1) 33<\/p>\n<p><sup>13 <\/sup><em>Manuel v Attorney General<\/em><br \/>\n[1983] Ch 77, 107<\/p>\n<p><sup>14<\/sup><em>Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd and Ors <\/em>[1976]QB 752<\/p>\n<p><sup>15<\/sup>Joseph<br \/>\nJaconelli, \u2018Do Constitutional Conventions Bind?\u2019 [2005] <em>Cambridge Law Journal<\/em>, 64(1) 149 <\/p>\n<p><sup>16 <\/sup>E<br \/>\nBarendt, \u2018Is there a United Kingdom Constitution\u2019 [1997] <em>Oxford Journal of Legal Studies<\/em> 17(1) 137 <\/p>\n<p><sup>17 <\/sup>A King, <em>The<br \/>\nBritish Constitution<\/em> (Oxford University Press, 2007) 5<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Over the course of this analysis, various key sources of governmental power in the United Kingdom will be critically examined, keeping in mind the nature, purpose, and course of development of the same. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[43],"tags":[85],"class_list":["post-271","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-free-law-essaysconstitutional-law","tag-uk-law"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v26.6 (Yoast SEO v26.6) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ 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